The radiation dose for the 2.5 year round trip between Earth and Mars should give approximately a 1% lifetime increase of a fatal cancer. SpaceX Starship will totally change the situation on payload and travel times. The Starship will be refueled in Earth Orbit. All NASA missions to Mars have launched with multiple stages get ...

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Link :
https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2024/09/massive-spacex-starship-capacity-makes-radiation-shielding-easy.html